Summary:
In this Georgia case, an adult son, who was business invitee, brought an action against his father to recover for injuries sustained when he was attacked by his father's bull while attempting to corral it for market. The lower court entered judgment for son, and father then appealed. The Court of Appeals, held that it for the jury to determine questions as to proximate cause, viciousness of bull, assumption of risk, superior or equal knowledge, contributory negligence, and negligence of the plaintiff. The failure of the trial court to charge adequately on proximate cause required a reversal, notwithstanding appellant's lack of a timely and proper request for a specific proximate cause charge. Judgment reversed.
Appellant/defendant Wilburn Taft appeals the $130,000 judgment *500 awarded to his **668 adult son, appellee/plaintiff Vance Taft. Appellee brought suit for injuries sustained when attacked by appellant's five- to nine-month-old, 600 pound bull when attempting to corral it for market. Appellee was a business invitee on his father's premises at the time, helping his father load the bull and hogs for market. Held:
1. Bulls generally are strong and some bulls are vicious notwithstanding their classification as domestic (farm) animals. Nevertheless, it cannot “be said as a matter of law, or that it is judicially known, that bulls, as a class, are dangerous.” Lander v. Shannon, 148 Wash. 93, 268 P. 145, 147 (1928). In Duren v. Kunkel, 814 S.W.2d 935, 937-938(1) (SC Mo., Banc 1991), citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 509, Comment e (1977), it was concluded: “ ‘Bulls are more dangerous than cows and steers; stallions are more dangerous than mares or geldings; rams are more dangerous than ewes and lambs. However, these animals have been kept for stud purposes from time immemorial so that the particular danger involved in their dangerous tendencies has become a normal incident of civilized life ... (T)he virility which makes them dangerous is necessary for their usefulness in performing their function in the socially essential breeding of livestock, (and) justifies the risk involved in their keeping. Therefore the law has not regarded bulls, stallions and rams as being abnormally dangerous animals.’ ”
This pragmatic legal approach, acknowledging the facts of life of animal husbandry, has been recognized tacitly in construing OCGA § 51-2-7 (formerly Code Ann. § 105-110). In this state, “the owner of a vicious or dangerous animal, who allows the same to go at liberty, is liable to one who sustains injury as a result of the vicious or dangerous tendency of the animal only in the event the owner knows of its vicious or dangerous character. If he does not know this, he will not be liable for an injury which is not the usual and natural consequence to be anticipated from allowing an ordinary animal of that kind to go at large.” (Citations, emphasis and punctuation omitted.) Flowers v. Flowers, 118 Ga.App. 85(2), 162 S.E.2d 818.
Appellee testified he could have closed the gate in time to prevent the bull from running out if appellant had fastened it like it was fastened that morning. Generally, except in clear and palpable cases, questions of proximate cause, viciousness of the animal, assumption of risk, superior or equal knowledge, contributory negligence, and negligence of the plaintiff are questions for the jury. Compare Sutton v. Sutton, 145 Ga.App. 22, 243 S.E.2d 310 and Van Harlengen v. Bearse, 26 Ga.App. 473(2), 106 S.E. 306 with McNish v. Gilbert, 184 Ga.App. 234, 361 S.E.2d 231.
2. Appellant asserts the trial court erred in failing to charge the jury on the definition and elements of proximate causation. Review of the record reveals that the trial court failed to define proximate cause or to instruct adequately the jury as to the meaning of this concept. Even if negligence exists, liability does not attach unless such negligence “is the proximate cause of the injury sustained.” Cline v. Kehs, 146 Ga.App. 350, 352(6), 246 S.E.2d 329. Thus, in every jury determination involving damages which result from negligence (both in regular and special jury verdicts), it is essential that the trial judge instruct the jury “as to the legal meaning of proximate cause and its application to the facts.” Id. As in Cline, supra, failure of the trial court to charge adequately on proximate cause requires a reversal, notwithstanding appellant's lack of a timely and proper request for a specific proximate cause charge.
3. Appellant raises an issue as to proof of lost earnings; however, cost of hiring farm help raises an issue of proof as to an award of damages for necessary expenses rather than a claim of damages based on lost earnings. OCGA § 51-12-7; compare City of Atlanta v. State Farm Fire, etc., Co., 160 Ga.App. 822, 823(4), 287 S.E.2d 665; **669 Sam Finley, Inc. v. Barnes, 156 Ga.App. 802, 803(3), 804(7), 275 S.E.2d 380; and Lawrence v. Atlanta Gas-Light Co., 49 Ga.App. 444(3), 176 S.E. 75.