§ 5501. Definitions
§ 5502. Prohibition
§ 5503. Exceptions
§ 5504. Educational or scientific use
§ 5505. Presumption of possession with intent to sell
§ 5506. Administrative penalties; referral for criminal enforcement
§ 5507. Seizure
§ 5508. Rules
As used in this chapter:
(1) “Bona fide educational or scientific institution” means an institution that establishes through documentation that it is a tax-exempt institution under the Internal Revenue Service's educational or scientific tax exemption.
(2) “Covered animal” means any species of:
(A) Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus);
(B) Elephant (family Elephantidae);
(C) Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis);
(D) Hippopotamus (family Hippopotamidae);
(E) Jaguar (Panthera onca);
(F) Leopard (Panthera pardus);
(G) Lion (Panthera leo);
(H) Mammoth (genus Mammuthus);
(I) Mastodon (genus Mammut);
(J) Pangolin (family Manidae);
(K) Endangered ray, as listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora;
(L) Rhinoceros (family Rhinocerotidae);
(M) Sea turtle (family Chelonioidea);
(N) Endangered shark, as listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora;
(O) Tiger (Panthera tigris);
(P) Whale (families Balaenidae, Balaenopteridae, Cetotheriidae, Eschrichtiidae, Monodontidae, Physeteridae, Kogiidae, and Ziphiidae); or
(Q) The following primates: gorillas, bonobos, orangutans, gibbons, or chimpanzees.
(3) “Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife.
(4) “Covered animal part or product” means any item that contains, or is wholly or partially made from, a covered animal, including the meat or flesh of a covered animal sold as food.
(5) “Firearm” has the same meaning as in 13 V.S.A. § 4016(a)(3).
(6) “Sale” or “sell” means any act of selling, trading, or bartering for monetary or nonmonetary consideration and includes any transfer of ownership that occurs in the course of a commercial transaction. “Sale” or “sell” shall not include a nonmonetary transfer of ownership by way of gift, donation, or bequest.
(7) “Secretary” means the Secretary of Natural Resources.
(8) “Total value” means either the fair market value or the actual price paid for a covered animal part or product, whichever is greater.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.
Except as provided in this chapter, notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, a person shall not purchase, sell, offer for sale, or possess with intent to sell any item that the person knows or should know is a covered animal part or product.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.
(a) The prohibition on the purchase, sale, offer for sale, or possession with intent to sell set forth in section 5502 of this title shall not apply:
(1) to employees or agents of the federal or State government undertaking any law enforcement activities pursuant to federal or State law or any mandatory duties required by federal or State law;
(2) when the activity is expressly authorized by federal law;
(3) when the covered animal part or product is a fixed component of an antique that is not made wholly or partially from the covered animal part or product, provided that:
(A) the antique status is established by the owner or seller of the covered animal part or product with documentation providing evidence of the provenance of the covered animal part or product and showing the covered animal part or product to be not less than 100 years old; and
(B) the total weight of the covered animal part or product is less than 200 grams;
(4) when the covered animal part or product is a fixed component of a firearm; knife; or musical instrument, including string instruments and bows, wind and percussion instruments, and pianos, provided that the covered animal part or product was legally acquired and provided that the total weight of the covered animal part or product is less than 200 grams; or
(5) the activity is authorized under section 5504 of this title.
(b) Documentation evidencing reasonable provenance or the age of a covered animal part or product that may be purchased, sold, offered for sale, or possessed under subsection (a) of this section may include receipts of purchase, invoices, bills of sale, prior appraisals, auction catalogues, museum or art gallery exhibit catalogues, and the signed certification of an antique appraiser to the age of the covered animal part. The issuance of a false or fraudulent certification of the age of a covered animal part or product shall be subject to penalty under section 5506 of this title.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.
§ 5504. Educational or scientific use
The Secretary may permit, under terms and conditions as the Secretary may require, the purchase, sale, offer for sale, or possession with intent to sell of any covered animal part or product for educational or scientific purposes by a bona fide educational or scientific institution, unless the activity is prohibited by federal law and provided that the covered animal part or product was legally acquired.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.
§ 5505. Presumption of possession with intent to sell
There shall be a rebuttable presumption that a person possesses a covered animal part or product with intent to sell when the part or product is possessed by a retail or wholesale establishment or other forum engaged in the business of buying or selling similar items. This rebuttable presumption shall not preclude a court from finding intent to sell a covered animal part or product based on any other evidence that may serve to independently establish intent.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.
§ 5506. Administrative penalties; referral for criminal enforcement
(a) The Secretary may assess the following administrative penalties for a violation of a provision of this chapter:
(1) For a first offense, a person shall be assessed an administrative penalty of not more than $1,000.00 nor less than $400.00.
(2) For a second offense or subsequent offense, a person shall be assessed an administrative penalty of not more than $4,000.00 nor less than $2,000.00.
(b) Instead of bringing an environmental enforcement action for a violation of this chapter or rules adopted under this chapter, the Secretary may refer a violation of this chapter to the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife for criminal enforcement under section 4518 of this title.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.
A person convicted of violating a provision of this chapter shall forfeit to the Secretary the covered animal part or product that is the subject of the violation. The Secretary may:
(1) authorize that the covered animal part or product be maintained for educational or training purposes;
(2) authorize that the covered animal part or product be donated to a bona fide educational or scientific institution; or
(3) require that the covered animal part or product be destroyed.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.
The Secretary may adopt rules necessary to implement the requirements of this chapter.
Credits
2019, Adj. Sess., No. 169, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2022.